The Impact of Private Security on US Foreign Policy

[i] These other tasks include the engineering, construction of base facilities, transportation services, road repair, vehicle maintenance, cargo handling, railhead operation, water production, power generation, handling of hazardous materials, fire fighting, and mail delivery. Peter W. Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Military Industry, (Ithaca,New York:CornellUniversity Press, 2003), 144.

[ii] Dov Zakheim, Comments made during AEI Conference: Contractors on the Battlefield: A Briefing on the Future of the Defense Industry, (Washington, DC.: 17 May 2006).

[iii] Doug Brooks and Jim Shevlin, “Reconsidering Battlefield Contractors,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs vol. VI, no.2 (Summer/Fall 2005), 104.

[iv] It should be noted that at the time Kellogg, Brown and Root (KBR) was referred to as Brown and Root Services. See Singer, 145.

[v] See Singer, 88, 98.

[vi] Robert Mandel, Armies Without States: The Privatization of Security, (Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002), 22-23, and Singer 99-100.

[vii] See Singer, 99-100.

[viii] Steven Levy, “Only The Beginning,” Newsweek,May 22 2006, 33.

[ix] See Singer, 96-97.

[x] Deborah Avant, The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security, (New York:CambridgeUniversity Press, 2005), 10.

[xi] See Singer, 95.

[xii] The involvement of employees of Vinnell who were responsible for training Saudi Arabian forces during the first Gulf War is a case in point when they participated with their Saudi clients in the Battle of Khafji onJan. 30, 1991. See Singer, 97.

[xiii] It should be noted that the overtly politicized nature of the Croatian armed forces by the Croatian Democratic Community (HDZ) was also contributing to the what can be termed democratically legitimated dictatorship. See Alex J. Bellamy, Democratic Control of the Military in Post Communist Europe: Guarding the Guards, ed. Andrew Cottey, Timothy Edmunds, and Anthony Forster, (New York: Palgrave Publishers, 2002), 178.

[xiv] “Ottawa Says Canada Forced to Seize Katie,” CBC News Online, 4 Aug. 2000, https://cbc.ca/cgi-bin/templates/view.cgi?/news/2000/08/03/katie_confront000803 (22 May 2006).

[xv] Michael E. O’Hanlon, “Forget About the Draft,” The Brookings Institute, 29 Jan. 2003, https://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/ohanlon/20030129.htm (22 May 2006).

[xvi] Deborah Avant, Comments made at AEI Conference: Contractors on the Battlefield: A Briefing on the Future of the Defense Industry, (Washington, DC.:17 May 2006).

[xvii] See Singer, 95.

[xviii] Executive Outcomes ran into regulatory problems from the South African government in 1997, while Sandline Inc. experienced similar problems from theUnited Kingdom’s defense establishment. Both companies have since ceased to exist, however it is widely believed that firms such as Ibis Air and Lifeguard Inc. are reformulated successors in more friendly regulatory environments. See Mandel, 103-104 and Singer, 104-105.

[xix] The IPOA is the lobbying association for the private security industry. Its members include Blackwater USA, MPRI, Erinys, Armor Group, and other companies.

[xx] The other third country nationals employed in large numbers are primarily fromFiji andChile,SeeBrooks and Shevlin, 105.

[xxi] John Hamre, Comments made at AEI Conference: Contractors on the Battlefield: A Briefing on the Future of the Defense Industry, (Washington, DC.:17 May 2006).

[xxii] See Mandel, 17.

[xxiii] See Singer, 12.

[xxiv] See Singer, 14-15.

[xxv] Coffer Black and Dov Zakheim, Comments made at AEI Conference: Contractors on the Battlefield: A Briefing on the Future of the Defense Industry, (Washington, DC.:17 May 2006).

[xxvi] Alane Kochems, “When Should the Government Use Contractors to Support Military Operations,” The Heritage Foundation, 19 May 2006, < https://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/bg1938.cfm> (30 May 2006).

[xxvii] Comments made during presentation at University of California, Washington DC Center, Distinguished Speaker Series (April 2006)

.[xxviii] See Dov Zakheim’s comments at AEI Conference.

[xxix] See Mandel, 19, 22-23.

[xxx] See Avant, The Market for Force…, 230-231.