Contain and Transcend: A Strategy for Regime Change in North Korea

[1] For more information onAmerica’s involvement in democracy promotion see:

Tony Smith America‘s Mission: The United States and the worldwide struggle for democracy in the twentieth century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994)

[i] “US Forces: Order of Battle,” Global Security Website, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/korea-orbat.htm

[ii] “North Korea threat renews interest inUS missile defense,” US State Department Website,June 21, 2006, https://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2006&m=June&x=20060621173431idybeekcm0.2920038

[iii] “US Military intercepts missile in test,” ABC news website,June 22, 2006, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=2109099

[iv] Eberstadt, Nicholas, “The Persistence of North Korea,” Policy Review Online, Oct/Nov 2004, https://www.policyreview.org/oct04/eberstadt.html

[v] Ibid

[vi] Ibid

[vii] Ibid

[viii] “Goldwater Speech,” Reagan Foundation website,October 27, 1964, https://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/rendezvous.asp

[ix] Larry Mortzel, “North Korea’s Connection to International Trade in Drugs, Counterfeiting, and Arms,” Heritage Foundation website, May 20, 2003, https://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:2U3_alwHIpAJ:www.senate.gov/~govt-aff/052003wortzel.pdf+North+Korea%E2%80%99s+Connection+to+International+Trade+in+Drugs,+Counterfeiting,+and+Arms&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1

[x] “China andNorth Korea: Comrades Forever,” International Crisis Group website,February 1, 2006, https://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=3920

[xi] “Foreign assistance toNorth Korea,” Congressional Research Service,May 26, 2005, https://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:QD29WNSTqSEJ:www.nautilus.org/napsnet/sr/2005/0550ACRS.pdf+crs+report+for+congress+north+korea+aid&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=6&client=safari

[xii] Ibid

[xiii] Kirit Radia, “North Korea food aid revived, without US”, ABC news website,May 3, 2006, https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1952301&page=1

[xiv] “North Korea rejects UN food aid,” BBC News,September 23, 3005,

BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific | North Korea rejects UN food aid

North Korea says it no longer needs international food aid, but a top UN official attacks the “abrupt” move.

[xv] Larry Mortzel, “North Korea’s Connection to International Trade in Drugs, Counterfeiting, and Arms,” Heritage Foundation website, May 20, 2003, https://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:2U3_alwHIpAJ:www.senate.gov/~govt-aff/052003wortzel.pdf+North+Korea%E2%80%99s+Connection+to+International+Trade+in+Drugs,+Counterfeiting,+and+Arms&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1

[xvi] Ibid

[xvii] Ibid

[xviii] Greg Sheridan, “Burma seeks nuclear weapons alliance withNorth Korea,” The Australian website,July 5, 2005, https://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,19689419-31477,00.html

[xix] James Phillips, “U.S. Policy andIran’s Nuclear Challenge,” Heritage Foundation website,June 27, 2006, https://www.heritage.org/Research/MiddleEast/tst062706a.cfm

[xx] Barbara Demick, “Macau bank freeze angersNorth Korea.”BaltimoreSun, April 7, 2006, https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.macau07apr07,0,891285.story?coll=bal-home-headlines

[xxi] “Clockwork Warfare,” BBC News website,October 10, 2001, https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1589318.stm

[xxii] “U.S. Grants Asylum to Refugees fromNorth Korea,” Washington Post website,May 7, 2006, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2006/05/06/AR2006050600911.html

[xxiii] Ibid

[xxiv] Rian Jansen, “On pins and needles of Kim Jung-Il’s heir,” Asia Times website,April 28, 2006, https://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/HD28Dg01.html

[xxv]Jasper Becker, Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the looming threat of North Korea (New York: Oxford Press, 2005), pg 98.